Such a vaccine could be developed in an academic lab and proved through to Rhesus studies in 3-4 years for less than $1MM. A crash program could do it in 1 year. The reason to bring in commercial outfits is when you need huge volumes and to make use of their distribution channels. That wouldn't be necessary or useful in this case. Considering the importance, and the amount of money spent on other things, it should be done.

1 _Romania ___89.0%___52.0%____96.0%____6.0%____52.0%____-38.0%
2 _Masivingo__73.0%___75.0%_____________________54.8%____-35.3%
___ Zimbabwe
3 _Mashonaland 84.9%___67.6%_____________________57.4%____-32.6%
__Zimbabwe
4 _Harare _____68.0%___85.0%_____________________57.8%____-32.2%
__Zimbabwe
5 _Singapore ___97.8%___93.0%_____________________91.0%______1.0%
6 _Duisburg ____98.1% ___25.0%___99.4%___70.4%_____94.5%______4.5%
__Germany
7 _Incheon_____88.8%____7.0%___98.0%___90.8%_____95.2%______5.2%
__Korea
8 _Pennsylvania_98.0%____3.9%___98.6%___94.9%_____97.4%_______7.4%
__USA
Table 1 – Survey of vaccine efficacy and net vaccine coverage with eradication deficit.

References
1. Hennessey, Karen A. et al. Measles epidemic in Romania, 1996-1998: assessment of vaccine effectiveness by case-control and cohort studies. American Journal of Epidemiology 150, 1250-1257 December 1 (1999).
2. Mudzamiri, W S, Peterson, D E, Marufu, T, Biellik, R J & L'Herminez, M. Measles vaccine efficacy in Masvingo district, Zimbabwe. Central African Journal of Medicine 42, 195-197 July (1996).
3. Uyirwoth, G P. Measles in Mashonaland Central Province: Zimbabwe. East Africa Medical Journal 70, 455-459 July (1993).
4. Mahomva, A I, Moyo, I M & Mbengeranwa, I O. Evaluation of a measles vaccine efficacy during a measles outbreak in Mbare, City of Harare Zimbabwe. Central African Journal of Medicine 43, 254-256 September (1997).
5. Ong, G, Rasidah, N, Wan, S & Cutter, J. Outbreak of measles in primary school students with high first dose MMR vaccination coverage. Singapore Medical Journal 48, 656 661 (2007).
6. Wichmann, O et al. Large measles outbreak at a German public school, 2006. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 26, 782-786 September (2007).
7. So, Jae Sung, Go, Un Yeong, Lee, Dong Han, Park, Koang Suk & Lee2, Jong Koo. Epidemiological investigation of a measles outbreak in a preschool in incheon, Korea, 2006. J Prev Med Pub Health 41, 153-158 May (2008).
8. Yeung, Lorraine F. et al. A limited measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated US boarding school. Pediatrics 116, 1287-1291 December (2005).

1 Romania 89.0% 52.0% 96.0% 6.0% 52.0% -38.0%
2 Masivingo 73.0% 75.0% 54.8% -35.3%
Zimbabwe
3 Mashonaland 84.9% 67.6% 57.4% -32.6%
Zimbabwe
4 Harare 68.0% 85.0% 57.8% -32.2%
Zimbabwe
5 Singapore 97.8% 93.0% 91.0% 1.0%
6 Duisburg 98.1% 25.0% 99.4% 70.4% 94.5% 4.5%
Germany
7 Incheon 88.8% 7.0% 98.0% 90.8% 95.2% 5.2%
Korea
8 Pennsylvania 98.0% 3.9% 98.6% 94.9% 97.4% 7.4%
USA
Table 1 – Survey of vaccine efficacy and net vaccine coverage with eradication deficit.

References
1. Hennessey, Karen A. et al. Measles epidemic in Romania, 1996-1998: assessment of vaccine effectiveness by case-control and cohort studies. American Journal of Epidemiology 150, 1250-1257 December 1 (1999).
2. Mudzamiri, W S, Peterson, D E, Marufu, T, Biellik, R J & L'Herminez, M. Measles vaccine efficacy in Masvingo district, Zimbabwe. Central African Journal of Medicine 42, 195-197 July (1996).
3. Uyirwoth, G P. Measles in Mashonaland Central Province: Zimbabwe. East Africa Medical Journal 70, 455-459 July (1993).
4. Mahomva, A I, Moyo, I M & Mbengeranwa, I O. Evaluation of a measles vaccine efficacy during a measles outbreak in Mbare, City of Harare Zimbabwe. Central African Journal of Medicine 43, 254-256 September (1997).
5. Ong, G, Rasidah, N, Wan, S & Cutter, J. Outbreak of measles in primary school students with high first dose MMR vaccination coverage. Singapore Medical Journal 48, 656 661 (2007).
6. Wichmann, O et al. Large measles outbreak at a German public school, 2006. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 26, 782-786 September (2007).
7. So, Jae Sung, Go, Un Yeong, Lee, Dong Han, Park, Koang Suk & Lee2, Jong Koo. Epidemiological investigation of a measles outbreak in a preschool in incheon, Korea, 2006. J Prev Med Pub Health 41, 153-158 May (2008).
8. Yeung, Lorraine F. et al. A limited measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated US boarding school. Pediatrics 116, 1287-1291 December (2005).

Regarding revertants, ok, however, I think the argument stands that an old revertant strain could circulate in the population after elimination of live vaccine. There is also another method of working on revertants, and that is to change the attenuated strain to have more critical mutations.

There is yet another strategy, and that is to make a live recombinant vaccine with a different virus expressing the important proteins of polio. This method would be the safest and most effective.

Smallpox is different than most viral diseases in that immunity to the vaccine provides 100% sterilizing immunity to the virus, and there is no disease transmission. Most vaccines result in a bell curve of titers and some level of circulation of the disease in subclinical form. I do not have a curve of the subclinical manifestation of polio after trivalent vaccine inoculation, but clearly, it is happening. Subclinical illness potential is 100% in populations vaccinated using killed virus vaccines like IPV. Since IGA is what combats polio in the gut, and IPV is a injected, it will produce primary titers of IgG, and those titers will be lower than after infection with polio, which will guarantee that to achieve more complete immunity to the disease will require subclinical infection with the virus. That means that subclinical polio will continue to circulate even after IPV is used. It will circulate at higher levels because killed vaccine produces lower titers.

The problem with polio in Africa is twofold. First, it is possibly reverting, although it is very doubtful that it reverts in every case of live vaccine. That brings us to the second problem, which is sanitation. That part of the world has terrible sanitation, and that is how revertants (if they are revertants at all, and not original virus strains that continued to circulate) are spread.

But that brings us to the third problem, which is the question of where the polio came from. There is an assumption that it had to come from the trivalent vaccine because it is presumed that after administration of the vaccine subclinical illness cannot occur in humans and the virus cannot reproduce and spread. But I am certain that this fundamental assumption is not correct. And in an environment in which fecal oral transmission is a norm, the virus can stay alive for generations without being noticed.

Die Erste Bank hat überraschend einen neuen Großaktionär aus Spanien bekommen. Die größte spanische Sparkasse, Criteria CaixaCorp, teilte am Montag bei einer Pressekonferenz in Barcelona mit, dass sie über die Börse 4,9 Prozent der Erste-Aktien erworben hat. Die Zukäufe seien schon im Vorjahr erfolgt, sagte Criteria-Chef Ricardo Forensa. Den Kaufpreis bezifferte der Banker mit 628 Mio. Euro.

Die Spanier dürften damit durchschnittlich zwischen 35 und 40 Euro pro Aktie hingelegt haben. Inzwischen ist der Kurs der Erste Bank an der Börse eingebrochen. Am Montagnachmittag kostete das Papier 7,46 Euro

von Raivo Pommer-Eesti-raimo1@hot.ee

Peinlicher Computerfehler bei der französischen Großbank BNP Paribas: Das Finanzinstitut hat von zahlreichen Kundenkonten aus Versehen zu viel Geld abgebucht.

Fast 600 000 Transaktionen wie Überweisungen wurden wegen eines Softwarefehlers irrtümlich zweimal oder sogar dreimal ausgeführt. Betroffen seien einige zehntausend Konten, bestätigte ein Sprecher der Bank am Freitag.

Das Institut kündigte an, die Fehlbuchungen innerhalb von 48 Stunden wieder rückgängig zu machen. “Die Kunden werden natürlich nicht die Konsequenzen dieses Vorfalls tragen”, hieß es bei BNP Paribas. Auch wer durch die Abbuchungen in die roten Zahlen gerutscht sei, müsse keine Zusatzkosten durch Zinsen befürchten. Wie viel Geld fälschlicherweise den Besitzer wechselte, wollte die Bank zunächst nicht sagen. Auch zur Ursache des Computerfehlers gab es keine Angaben.